9 of the Best Free Prolog Books

1. Logic, Programming and Prolog (2ed)

The main objective of Logic, Programming and Prolog is to provide a uniform account of both the foundations of logic programming and simple programming techniques in the programming language Prolog.

Chapters include:

• Preliminaries - contains a recapitulation of notions basic to logic in general. The chapter discusses concepts related both to model- and proof-theory of predicate logic including notions like language, interpretation, model, logical consequence, logical inference, soundness and completeness. The final section introduces the concept of substitution
• Definite Logic Programs - introduces the restricted language of definite programs and discusses the model-theoretic consequences of restricting the language
• SLD-Resolution - describes the operational semantics of definite programs
• Negation in Logic Programming - discusses the use of negation in logic programming. It introduces the negation-as-definite-failure rule used to implement negation in most Prolog systems and also provides a logical justification of the rule by extending the user's program with additional axioms
• Towards Prolog: Cut and Arithmetic - Cut is introduced as a mechanism for reducing the overhead of Prolog computations. The chapter also discusses the use of predefined arithmetic predicates in Prolog and provides a logical explanation for them
• Logic and Databases - describes logic programming from a database point of view
• Programming with Recursive Data Structures - demonstrates techniques for defining relations on recursive data-structures, in particular on lists
• Amalgamating Object- and Meta-language - introduces the notion of meta- and object-language and illustrates how to use logic programs for describing SLD-resolution. The chapter also introduces some (controversial) built-in predicates available in most Prolog implementations
• Logic and Expert Systems - demonstrates how to extend an interpreter from the previous chapter into a simple expert-system shell
• Logic and Grammars - shows how to describe grammars in Prolog, starting from context-free grammars. Larger classes of languages are considered. The chapter moves on to introduce the notion of Definite Clause Grammars (DCGs) commonly used for describing both natural and artificial languages in Prolog
• Searching in a State-space - demonstrates simple techniques for solving search-problems in state-transition graphs and raises some of the difficulties which are inherently associated with such problems
• Logic Programming and Concurrency - describes a class of languages commonly called concurrent logic programming languages
• Logic Programs with Equality - discusses an approach to integration of logic programming with functional programming based on the use of equations
• Constraint Logic Programming - concerns the use of constraints in logic programming
• Query-answering in Deductive Databases - concerns the use of constraints in logic programming. A rigorous semantical framework is briefly described

2. Simply Logical - Intelligent Reasoning by Example

Simply Logical - Intelligent Reasoning by Example aims to introduce the reader to a number of topics — logic, Artificial Intelligence and computer programming. This is a book about intelligent reasoning. Reasoning is the process of drawing conclusions; intelligent reasoning is the kind of reasoning performed by humans.

The latter parts of the book present a number of recent extensions of Logic Programming, most of which have been accessible previously only in conference proceedings and journal articles.

Chapters cover:

• Logic and Logic Programming - introduces the main concepts in logic programming such as program clauses, query answering, proof trees, and recursive data structures
• Clausal logic and resolution: theoretical backgrounds - deals with concepts such as Herbrand models and resolution refutations, as well as meta-theoretical notions like soundness and completeness. The presentation starts with propositional clausal logic, and proceeds via relational clausal logic (without functors) to full clausal logic, and finally arrives at definite clause logic
• Logic Programming and Prolog - discusses the practical aspects of Prolog programming examining concepts such as SLD-tree forms, the treatment of arithmetic expressions in Prolog, second-order predicates like setof, and various programming techniques like accumulators and difference lists
• Representing structured knowledge - discusses various ways to represent structured knowledge in Prolog
• Searching graphs - discusses and implements some basic techniques for finding solutions in search spaces. Their common denominator is that they are exhaustive: that is, in the worst case they will eventually visit every node in the search space along every possible path, before finding a solution
• Informed search - best-first search, a complete variant of best-first search called the A algorithm, and non-exhaustive informed search strategies, that can be derived from best-first search by limiting the size of the agenda
• Reasoning with natural language
• Reasoning with incomplete information
• Inductive reasoning

3. Coding Guidelines for Prolog

Coding Guidelines for Prolog provides immediate guidelines for code layout, naming conventions, documentation, proper use of Prolog features, program development, debugging and testing. Presented with each guideline is its rationale and, where sensible options exist, illustrations of the relative pros and cons for each alternative.

A coding standard should always be selected on a per-project basis, based on a host of issues pertinent to any given programming project; for this reason the paper goes beyond the mere provision of normative guidelines by discussing key factors and important criteria that should be taken into account when deciding on a fully-fledged coding standard for the project.